As an alternative, you can fully customize the text that will be shown in the outline with the following code which is taken from the Typst Examples Book.
#let in-outline = state("in-outline", false)
#show outline: it => {
in-outline.update(true)
it
in-outline.update(false)
}
#let flex-caption(long, short) = context if in-outline.get() { short } else { long }
// And this is in the document.
#outline(title: [Figures], target: figure)
#figure(
rect(),
caption: flex-caption(
[This is my long caption text in the document.],
[This is short],
)
)