If I’m understanding correctly, this is possible in Typst. This will set one default style of table which can be overridden at any time for one specific table.
#set table(gutter: 3em, columns: 2)
= Table 1
#table([a], [b], [c], [d])
= Table 2
#table(gutter: 0em, [a], [b], [c], [d])
Rendered
Or this which results in the same output as above but allows saving and reusing several styles of table.
#let table_wide = table.with(gutter: 3em, columns: 2)
#let table_narrow = table.with(gutter: 1em, columns: 2)
= Table 1
#table_wide([a], [b], [c], [d])
= Table 2
#table_narrow(gutter: 0em, [a], [b], [c], [d])