For this, you need to know that there is a difference between using a show-set rule
#show math.equation: set text(font: "TeX Gyre Pagella Math")
and using a set rule inside a show rule
#show math.equation: it => {
set text(font: "TeX Gyre Pagella Math")
it
}
Only in the first case (the show-set rule), the font can be overridden by another rule. I have expanded a bit on that difference in How to change figure caption justification? - #5 by Eric.
To get your code working, you thus only need to rewrite your first show rule, such that the set rules are separated out into show-set rules. There, you could then also simplify the boxing of inline equations:
#show math.equation: set text(font: "TeX Gyre Pagella Math")
#show math.equation: set block(breakable: true)
#show math.equation.where(block: false): box