The examples “robustness”, “logic of sets” and “matrix” are irrelevant to this discussion, because they aren’t proper nouns. Their translations can be easily checked from a dictionary. A math textbook written in Chinese won’t include “matrix” (in latin alphabets) unless providing translation for “矩陣”.
The Chinese name for C++ can be obtained from the alphabetical order of ‘C’:
When a foreigner is mentioned in newspaper written in Chinese, their name has to be transcribed in Chinese characters.