How can I offset my equation numberings from the right margin by some amount?

Questions
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5

Depending on the result you want, you can either use a different approach to the original issue:

#outline(target: math.equation)

#set math.equation(numbering: "|1")
#show math.equation.where(block: true): set block(inset: (right: 1.5cm))
$ x := sqrt(5) $

This will not left-align all the numberings (like a constant-width numbering box would) but instead inset the numberings from the right.

Another approach would be using the state-outline trick described in another answer.